Liberia Before 1822
Table of Contents
Front Matter
Openings
- Title PageLiberia Before 1822Read
- CopyrightCopyright and Publication NoticeRead
- DedicationDedicationRead
- ForewordForewordRead
- PrefacePrefaceRead
- AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsRead
- About the AuthorAbout the AuthorRead
- List of MapsList of MapsRead
- List of FiguresList of FiguresRead
- List of TablesList of TablesRead
- AbbreviationsList of AbbreviationsRead
- TimelineTimeline of Ancient LiberiaRead
- IntroductionRediscovering Liberia Before 1822Read
Part I
The Land Before Liberia
- Chapter 1The Geography of Ancient LiberiaClimate · Rivers · Mountains · Rainforests · Atlantic Coast · Natural ResourcesRead
- Chapter 2Geological FormationContinental Drift · Mineral Formation · Ancient Forests · BiodiversityLocked
- Chapter 3Archaeological EvidenceStone Age · Iron Age · Carbon Dating · Ancient Settlements · Excavation SitesLocked
- Chapter 4Human Origins and Early MigrationWest African Migration · Niger-Congo Expansion · Mande Migration · Coastal SettlementLocked
Part II
The First Peoples
- Chapter 5Ancient Ethnic FormationKpelle · Vai · Kru · Bassa · Gola · Grebo · Gio (Dan) · Mano · Lorma · Kissi · Belle · Mandingo · Dei · Mende · KrahnLocked
- Chapter 6Languages Before ColonizationLanguage Families · Dialects · Oral Communication · Storytelling · ProverbsLocked
- Chapter 7Ancient Population DistributionSettlement Maps · Migration Routes · Regional ExpansionLocked
Part III
Kingdoms and Political Organization
- Chapter 8Indigenous Government SystemsChiefs · Councils · Clan Leadership · Consensus GovernanceLocked
- Chapter 9Kingdoms and ChiefdomsVai Confederacies · Kru States · Grebo Territories · Kpelle Leadership · Gola Political SystemsLocked
- Chapter 10Law and JusticeCustomary Courts · Conflict Resolution · Land Rights · Marriage LawLocked
Part IV
Economy, Trade, and Technology
- Chapter 11Agriculture and Food SystemsUpland Rice · Rotational Farming · Palm Economy · Hunger SeasonLocked
- Chapter 12Iron, Craft, and TechnologySmelting · Blacksmiths · Textiles · Canoe BuildingLocked
- Chapter 13Trade Networks and MarketsInland Routes · Coastal Exchange · Market Days · Trade DiasporasLocked
- Chapter 14Wealth, Labour, and PropertyWealth in People · Cooperative Labour · Pawnship · InheritanceLocked
Part V
Religion, Society, and the Life of the Mind
- Chapter 15Religion, Cosmology, and the AncestorsHigh God · Ancestors · Land Spirits · Divination · SacrificeLocked
- Chapter 16Poro, Sande, and the Governing SocietiesInitiation · The Bush School · Women's Authority · Regional Law · MasksLocked
- Chapter 17Masks, Music, and Material CultureMasking · Textiles · Instruments · Dance · Aesthetic PrinciplesLocked
- Chapter 18Family, Kinship, and Daily LifeDescent · Marriage · Childhood · The Working Day · Age and DeathLocked
Part VI
Culture: Performance, Word, and Made Things
- Chapter 19DanceOccasions · Masked dance · Age and gender · Training · MeaningLocked
- Chapter 20StorytellingGenres · Performance · Spider tales · Historical narrative · TransmissionLocked
- Chapter 21ProverbsForm · Use in court · Metaphor · Teaching · InterpretationLocked
- Chapter 22ArtAesthetic values · Function · Patronage · Regional styles · Collection ethicsLocked
- Chapter 23SculptureMaterials · Wood carving · Stone figures · Technique · Dating problemsLocked
- Chapter 24TextilesCotton · Narrow-strip weaving · Dyeing · Cloth as currency · Country clothLocked
- Chapter 25Traditional ArchitectureRound house · Materials · Town plan · Palaver hut · FortificationLocked
Part VII
Religion
- Chapter 26Indigenous BeliefsPersons and powers · Moral order · Misfortune · Oaths · ChangeLocked
- Chapter 27Ancestor WorshipTerminology · Becoming an ancestor · Obligation · Second burial · LandLocked
- Chapter 28Sacred ForestsGroves · Society grounds · Prohibitions · Ecology · BoundariesLocked
- Chapter 29RitualsLife cycle · Calendar · Sacrifice · Purification · Political ritesLocked
- Chapter 30DivinationMethods · Specialists · Procedure · Ordeal · FunctionLocked
- Chapter 31Traditional MedicinePractitioners · Diagnosis · Pharmacopoeia · Surgery and bonesetting · AssessmentLocked
- Chapter 32Secret SocietiesPoro · Sande · Women's leadership · Community governance · ReachLocked
Part VIII
Science and Technology
- Chapter 33Indigenous EngineeringBridges · Paths · Water · Storage · Materials scienceLocked
- Chapter 34Iron SmeltingOre · Furnace · Bloomery process · Smith · ChronologyLocked
- Chapter 35Boat ConstructionDugout canoe · Surf canoe · Timber selection · Paddles · FleetLocked
- Chapter 36Herbal MedicineForest pharmacy · Preparation · Dosage · Named remedies · Modern studyLocked
- Chapter 37MathematicsCounting systems · Measures · Games · Geometry in craft · AccountingLocked
- Chapter 38AstronomyObservation under cloud · Moon · Stars and season · Navigation · CosmologyLocked
- Chapter 39TimekeepingThe day · Market weeks · The moon · The agricultural year · Long timeLocked
Part IX
Liberia and the World
- Chapter 40Trans-Saharan ConnectionsThe desert economy · Kola and gold · Islam · Reach · EvidenceLocked
- Chapter 41Mande EmpiresGhana, Mali, Songhai · The Mane question · Diaspora · Influence · CautionLocked
- Chapter 42Portuguese ArrivalThe voyages · Naming the coast · Trade terms · Settlement · ConsequencesLocked
- Chapter 43Dutch TradersDisplacement of Portugal · Company trade · Records · Local terms · LegacyLocked
- Chapter 44British TradeEighteenth-century dominance · Slaving voyages · Abolition · Naval patrol · Sierra LeoneLocked
- Chapter 45French InfluenceTrading presence · Territorial ambition · Archives · Boundary consequences · AssessmentLocked
- Chapter 46Atlantic CommerceThe bundle · Credit · Kru labour · Imports and their effects · BalanceLocked
- Chapter 47Ivory TradeElephants · Hunting · Working ivory · Export · ExtinctionLocked
- Chapter 48Pepper CoastMalagueta · Cultivation · European demand · The name · DeclineLocked
Part X
The Atlantic Slave Trade
- Chapter 49OriginsServitude before the Atlantic · The shift · Chronology · Demand · DistinctionLocked
- Chapter 50Coastal Trade NetworksBrokers · Barracoons · Routes · Information · The middle groundLocked
- Chapter 51African ParticipationWho participated · Motives · Refusal · Debt and coercion · JudgingLocked
- Chapter 52ResistanceFlight and defence · Shipboard revolt · The Kru refusal · Legal resistance · MemoryLocked
- Chapter 53Demographic ImpactNumbers · Age and sex selection · Indirect losses · Regional variation · MethodLocked
- Chapter 54Cultural ConsequencesInstitutions under strain · Trust · Religion · The diaspora · Rice in the AmericasLocked
Part XI
The Coming of the Settlers
- Chapter 55The American Colonization SocietyFounding · Coalitions · Black opposition · Finance · The first voyagesLocked
- Chapter 56Liberia Before 1822A snapshot · Political map · Economy · Population · What the settlers foundLocked
- Chapter 57Cape MesuradoThe place · December 1821 · The transaction · Coercion · Two readingsLocked
- Chapter 58Indigenous DiplomacyExperience · Strategies · Divisions · Negotiators · AssessmentLocked
- Chapter 59Early Conflicts1822 · Battle of Crown Hill · Later campaigns · Trade wars · ConsolidationLocked
- Chapter 60LegacyContinuity · The two Liberias · Recovering the record · Obligations · ClosingLocked
Back Matter
Appendices, Sources, and Apparatus
- Appendix AComparative Chronology to 1822Deep past · Second millennium · Atlantic centuries · The last decadesLocked
- Appendix BDirectory of PeoplesMande group · Kru group · Mel group · Naming conventionsLocked
- Appendix CGlossary of TermsInstitutions · Land and law · Trade · Material cultureLocked
- Appendix DLanguage GuideClassification · Features · Writing · Documentation statusLocked
- Appendix EPolities and RulersCoastal polities · Interior polities · Named individuals · CautionsLocked
- Appendix FOral Traditions: Method and ProtocolWhy a protocol · Consent · Restricted knowledge · Citation form · DepositLocked
- Appendix GArchaeological and Historic SitesStatus of the record · Site categories · Register · ThreatsLocked
- Appendix HTrade Goods, Currencies, and MeasuresExports · Imports · Currencies · Measures · PricesLocked
- Appendix IPlants, Crops, and Medicinal SpeciesStaples · Introduced crops · Useful trees · Medicinal species · Ethical noteLocked
- Appendix JBibliography and SourcesHow to use · Primary printed · Archives · Secondary · Reference toolsLocked
- Appendix KA Research Agenda for Liberian HistoryPriorities · Who should do it · Institutions · Funding · An invitationLocked
- ColophonColophonLocked